Holocaust Remembrance Day - Yom Hashoah

It has been over 70 years since the Holocaust. To survivors, the Holocaust remains real and ever-present, but for some others, 70 years makes the Holocaust seem part of ancient history. Year-round we try to teach and inform others about the horrors of the Holocaust. We confront the questions of what happened. How did it happen? How could it happen? Could it happen again? We attempt to fight against ignorance with education and against disbelief with proof. But there is one day in the year when we make a special effort to remember (Zachor). Upon this one day, Yom Hashoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day),  we remember those that suffered, those that fought, and those that died. Six million Jews were murdered. Many families were completely destroyed. Why This Day? Jewish history is long and filled with many stories of slavery and freedom, sorrow and joy, persecution and redemption. For Jews, their history, their family, and their relationship with God have shaped their religion and their identity. The Hebrew calendar is filled with varied holidays that incorporate and reiterate the history and tradition of the Jewish people. After the horrors of the Holocaust, Jews wanted a day to memorialize this tragedy. But what day? The Holocaust spanned years with suffering and death spread throughout these years of terror. No one day stood out as representative of this destruction. So various days were suggested. The tenth of Tevet was proffered. This day is Asarah BTevet and marks the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem. But this day holds no direct relation or tie to the Holocaust.The Zionists in Israel, many of whom had fought in the ghettos or as partisans, wanted to commemorate the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising—April 19, 1943. But this date on the Hebrew calendar is the 14th of Nissan—the day before Passover, a very important and happy holiday. Orthodox Jews objected to this date. For two years, the date was debated. Finally, in 1950, compromises and bargaining began. The 27th of Nissan was chosen, which falls beyond Passover but within the time span of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Orthodox Jews still did not like this date because it was a day of mourning within the traditionally happy month of Nissan. As a final effort to compromise, it was decided that if the 27th of Nissan would affect Shabbat (fall on Friday or Saturday), then it would be moved. If the 27th of Nissan falls on a Friday, Holocaust Remembrance Day is moved to the preceding Thursday. If the 27th of Nissan falls on a Sunday, then Holocaust Remembrance Day is moved to the following Monday. On April 12, 1951, the Knesset (Israels parliament) proclaimed Yom Hashoah UMered HaGetaot (Holocaust and Ghetto Revolt Remembrance Day) to be the 27th of Nissan. The name later became known as Yom Hashoah Ve Hagevurah (Devastation and Heroism Day) and even later simplified to Yom Hashoah. How Is Yom Hashoah Observed? Since Yom Hashoah is a relatively new holiday, there are no set rules or rituals.  There are various beliefs about what is and is not appropriate on this day—and many of them are conflicting. In general, Yom Hashoah has been observed with candle lighting, speakers, poems, prayers, and singing. Often, six candles are lit to represent the six million. Holocaust survivors speak about their experiences or share in the readings. Some ceremonies have people read from the Book of Names for certain lengths of time in an effort to remember those that died and to give an understanding of the huge number of victims. Sometimes these ceremonies are held in a cemetery or near a Holocaust memorial. In Israel, the Knesset made Yom Hashoah a national public holiday in 1959, and in 1961, a law was passed that closed all public entertainment on Yom Hashoah. At ten in the morning, a siren is sounded where everyone stops what they are doing, pull over in their cars, and stand in remembrance. In whatever form you observe Yom Hashoah, the memory of the Jewish victims will live on. Yom Hashoah Dates - Past, Present, and Future 2015 Thursday, April 16 2016 Thursday, May 5 2017 Sunday, April 23 (moved to Monday, April 24) 2018 Thursday, April 12 2019 Thursday, May 2 2020 Tuesday, April 21 2021 Friday, April 9 (moves to Thursday, April 8) 2022 Thursday, April 28 2023 Tuesday, April 18 2024 Sunday, May 5 (moves to Monday, May 6)

Literacy Views From An Individual And Class Perspective Essay

Literacy Views from an Individual and Class Perspective Teaching and learning in the 21st century is not the same from the 19th and 20th century. â€Å"Teachers today face classrooms that are increasingly diverse, both culturally and linguistically,† (Goodwin, Lefkowits, Woempner, Hubbell, 2011). Educators must be creative and inventive in ways to influence students that are diverse as well as culturally linguistically in the areas of reading and writing. It is imperative that strategies and techniques are developed to assist students that are affected by influences such as the Internet, television, and social media. When student have been promoted to middle school we believe that students do not struggle in reading however, they most likely will be deficient in literary skills that are required to be successful in their classes. â€Å"The National Reading Panel characterized fluency as the ability to read orally with speed, accuracy, and proper expression,† (Farstrup Samuels, 2002). Comprehension, fluency, vocabulary skills are requirements that students will need in the classroom for narrative and expository text. While observing students in the 9th and 10th grade they showed signs of difficulty. This benchmark will explain: the strategies that were used for comprehension, fluency, and vocabulary skills in the ELA content area for learning; expository and narrative text influenced and encouraged students in their comprehension of the literary works; and how critical thinkingShow MoreRelatedThe Two Major Sub-Sects Of The College Community1199 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents. From my interview with Dr.Kennedy, a chemistry professor, I discovered the various platforms he has used to convince certain students of STEM’s potential, changing their views and path with career advice. I also interviewed a STEM student to understand what role they play in circulating ideas and opinions about the worth of a STEM career at the GSU Atlanta campus. 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As mentioned in the assessment the class consists of a diverse number of ethnic backgrounds and ability so this unit is crucial for them to understand how they fit in different social and cultural settings. In a way the diversity found in a class makes for an interesting interactions and discussions which will contribute to their understan ding in the unit. This of course is limited by studentsRead More Teaching Students Ecological Literacy In the Secondary English Classroom1696 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching Students Ecological Literacy In the Secondary English Classroom In todays world, we are bombarded with industry, economic advancement, and progressivism with new technology. As our world becomes more high tech and produces more products for our consumer world, we may soon face many environmental problems, due to our over-consumption of resources and our excessive, industrial lifestyles. Within all curriculums, I find it highly important to address these issues concerningRead MorePre Service Social Studies Teachers1116 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction One of the objectives of 21st century teacher preparation programs is to prepare teachers to teach democratic education. To successfully teach democratically, teachers will need a positive multicultural perspective. When this became a known phenomenon, it prompted teacher education program to include theories and practices of multicultural education into the curriculum. According to previous research, many pre-service teachers have limited understanding of multicultural education,Read MoreThe Literature And The Individual Child1462 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on the modern ability of all classes to enjoy any popular culture format they choose. 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Negotiation Intragroup Conflict

Questions: 1.How a High Score in Agreeableness can Help one Assume the role of an Effective Negotiator?2.How a High Score in Agreeableness can help one Prepare Himself Emotionally Prepared Before Negotiation.3.How a High Score in Extraversion can Help one Assume the role of an Effective Negotiator?4.How a High Score in Extraversion can help one Get Emotionally Prepared Before Negotiation? Answers: My Strengths: On the basis of the conduction of the IPIP test, I was being able to comprehend and evaluate the inner strengths that I possess, which can also be utilized for my professional purpose. Accordingly, the top scores generated by the test were in the areas of Agreeableness (98) and Extraversion (93). Hence, the remaining part of my assignment is a critical discussion and evaluation of the personal strengths I possess, and the possible application of the same in my professional domain. A variety of literary articles and research reports claim that these two attributes can enhance the negotiating skills of an employee. Hence, the assignment seeks to address how these strengths can help me assume the role of an effective negotiator. 1. Agreeableness is an integral behavioral trait that enables an individual to be more skilled, resourceful and tactful, while dealing with tough situations. People who are usually agreeable are less disruptive and less aggressive, and this largely helps people to mingle, and get along with other people. Even if a person possesses an ideology apparently contradicting the ideology of the second one, if the former is agreeable he can easily influence the latter (Cote et al. 2011). Being a highly agreeable individual, I can make friends with any one, and the opposite party finds it easier and less stressful to argue with me or contradict my personal opinion. Agreeable people usually tend to have an open, flexible approach to the other persons, and thus their behavior does not happen to infuriate anyone. Similarly, being an agreeable person, I can easily resolve disputes or differences of opinions, by retaining my composure and listening patiently to the perspective of the opposite party as well (Kersten and Hernandez 2016). 2. The emotional preparedness is a major key to the success in any form of negotiation. Prior to nay negotiation, I plan and try to work on the desired behavior while making negotiations. An agreeable individual is usual considerate and can patiently listen to and consider the perspective of other people, before putting forward his own opinion (Oveis et al. 2010). Thus, patience and composure are the two important qualities that should be incorporated while making negotiations. Hence, if the situation at hand is emotionally charged, I ensure that I retain my calm and composure, without expressing unnecessary emotions. Being an agreeable person, I have a calm, friendly approach that barely excites my opponent, yet before any sort of negotiation, I prepare myself in a way so that I do not anger my opponents (Grant and Wrzesniewski 2010). 3. Extraversion is an important personality trait that defines the nature of people who usually love to socialize, openly communicate and freely participate in any sort of action. An important aspect of negotiation related activity involves the process of decision-making. Hence, an extroverted person is more likely to negotiate successfully with a third party rather than a person who is more of a private person. An extroverted person can take others easily in his own confidence, and exercise his influence over the other, without making him wary of the same (Ellis and Young 2013). An extroverted individual usually has an outgoing, pleasant and approachable personality that helps him to take other people into confidence. (Rojot 2016) Above all, owing to the effective communication skills that usually each extrovert individual possesses, the opposing party can also be easily persuaded to settle and resolve the differences. As suggested by my high score in extraversion, I am highly an extroverted person. I am an eloquent speaker, and I can easily take other people into confidence, and influence them to submit to my decision. Being an extroverted person, I can get along with other people easily, and create a rapport with them. Extroverted people can be good negotiators as they can out forward their viewpoints, and the benefits inherent in the same, in a more direct and straightforward fashion (De Wit et al. 2012). The main advantage of negotiating matters through extroverted people is that they usually do not have anxiety problems, while communicating their perspectives. Thus, they can establish their arguments in a more persuasive way, convince the third party, without angering or exciting anyone in the process (Huang 2010). I am able to gel with people, accept their vantage points, and show a sense of understanding towards their social perspectives. Since I can freely communicate and mingle, I can easi ly form rapport that helps me to win the credibility of the opposite person (Montes 2012). Finally, my interactive skills and a positive approach to the problem help me resolve the differences, and ensure the desired outcome. 4. Being an extrovert, I do not have to groom my soft skills that much. Usually, I do not have any communication problem, while putting forth and explaining my standpoint. However, often an extroverted individual tends to digress, while conducting himself in an important affair. Hence, before going out for negotiation, I try to meditate, so that I can reflect and ponder over the issue to be negotiated . An organized approach is needed, and owing to an extroverted nature, I often tend to get carried away by unnecessary or not so important ideas. Hence, I try to arrange my thoughts and ideas systematically, and practice communicating the same to my opposite person (Wall and Dunne 2012). After analyzing and evaluating the above research findings, I have come to the conclusion that being an extroverted person, as well as someone possessing an agreeable personality I have impressive communication and persuasive skills that can help me in negotiation. However, I need to ensure that I remain focused and composed while seeking to negotiate. Reference List: Ct, S., Kraus, M.W., Cheng, B.H., Oveis, C., Van der Lwe, I., Lian, H. and Keltner, D., 2011. Social power facilitates the effect of prosocial orientation on empathic accuracy.Journal of personality and social psychology,101(2), p.217. De Wit, F.R., Greer, L.L. and Jehn, K.A., 2012. The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis. Ellis, A.W. and Young, A.W., 2013.Human cognitive neuropsychology: A textbook with readings. Psychology Press. Grant, A.M. and Wrzesniewski, A., 2010. I wont let you down or will I? Core self-evaluations, other-orientation, anticipated guilt and gratitude, and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(1), p.108. Huang, J.C., 2010. Unbundling task conflict and relationship conflict: The moderating role of team goal orientation and conflict management.International Journal of Conflict Management,21(3), pp.334-355. Kersten, G.E. and Hernndez, J.E., 2016. Group Decision and Negotiation. Montes, C., Rodrguez, D. and Serrano, G., 2012. Affective choice of conflict management styles.International Journal of Conflict Management,23(1), pp.6-18. Oveis, C., Horberg, E.J. and Keltner, D., 2010. Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity.Journal of personality and social psychology,98(4), p.618. Rojot, J., 2016.Negotiation: from theory to practice. Springer. Wall, J.A. and Dunne, T.C., 2012. Mediation research: A current review.Negotiation Journal,28(2), pp.217-244.

Offshore Outsourcing free essay sample

Aztec Software has an offshore development enter in Bangor, India, that develops the new integration product, Embarcadero DOT/Studio. The entire product lifestyle -? from development to maintenance takes place in India. Aztec work on the DOT/Studio tool helped Embarcadero to quickly establish a competitive market position for this particular product. There are many definitions of offspring as outlined below, but most accept that it generally refers to the process of an organization replacing services obtained from domestic providers with imported services (Greene 2006; Backchat et al. 004). Offspring refers to the acquisition of intermediate inputs by companies (or governments) from locations outside the consumer country. It is the crossing of international borders that distinguishes it from outsourcing in general (Kirkland, p. 4 2005). Offshore outsourcing can have far-reaching implications beyond those associated with onshore outsourcing.Various authors have made the assumption that the countries that send work offshore are primarily developed nations (Interrogator, 2001; Spray, Maydays Verdi, 2006; Raja 2004, Kodiak Lair, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Offshore Outsourcing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most definitions assume that offspring is directed to developing countries in the interest of saving costs; it was possible o shift the actual production location of services to lowest countries in a manner theoretically transparent to end-users (Kirkland, 2005 ; Corroboratory Remington, 2005). 1 The World Trade Organization (WTFO) in its General Agreement on Trade in Services used the following parameters to define offshore outsourcing (Corroboratory Remington, 2005): Despoilers and buyers remain in their respective locations; Dmoving the service recipient to the location of the service provider; [Noncommercial presence of service provider in a foreign country; and C]temporary migration -? seller moves to the location of the service buyer.All definitions are compelling but for the purpose of this thesis, the previously stated definition of offshore outsourcing as the delegation of administration, engineering, vendor in a lower-cost location will be used (Robinson Oklahoma 2004). The WTFO parameters will also be respected as they expand upon that definition. 2. 3 History of IT outsourcing The history of IT outsourcing is part of IT in that the early time-share systems were a form of outsourcing. Sass sass 1 9805 sass 20005 20105 Hardware Software Standardization Total Solution Time Sharing Facilities Management Infrastructure Client Server Application OutsourcingProcess Offspring Rationalization Layering Best of Breed Technical Models Utilized Trends Figure 2. 1: Technical Models and Trends Figure 2. 1 gives an indication of the timeline for technical models and trends by combining charts and information (Hillocks Fenny, 2006; Zoning et al. , 2006% Wagner et al. , 2006; Lee et al. , 2003; AAA, 2007 and AAA, 2007). In the early 1 sass software programming was first moved offshore as software production was easily movable, since it seldom needed to be committed to a physical medium (Dossals Kenney, 2004).However, offshore outsourcing as a trend didnt begin until relatively recently. Since Sodas initial decision to outsource the bulk of 12 their IT functions in October 1989, they have outsourced the bulk of their data centre operations to IBM in an initial IIS$250 million deal that was originally scheduled to run for a 10-year span (Lacily Hillocks, 2000; Dibbers, et al. 2004; Patton, 2005). It was a momentous occasion for Kodak and dozens of other large companies would soon follow the film giants lead. Sodas deal set the stage for massive outsourcing negotiations with vendors such as IBM and DES, and brought about a basic change in the way corporate America approached IT. Suddenly Coos were paying more attention to core competencies, cost saving and strategic partnerships with their IT vendors. Service quality was also an important factor (EBBS, 2006; Patton, 2005). Because of the success of the Eastman Kodak outsourcing agreement of 1989, multi-sourcing has become an integral part of the IT industry.General Electric (GE) was a business leader in the offshore outsourcing arena. In the early sass Jack Welch, then CEO of GE, introduced a new rule that governed Gees offshore actions called the 70:70:70 rule (EBBS, 2006). In an e- mail to GE employees, Welch mandated that 70% of Gees IT work would be outsourced. Out of this, 70% of that work would be completed from offshore development centers and from that, about 70% would be sent to India. This has resulted in a total of about 30% of Gees work being outsourced to India (Scope, 2009; Spray et al. 2006). Currently, offshore outsourcing to India receives the most press but other countries such as Poland, Ireland (sometimes referred to as the Celtic Tiger) and Israel are just as prominent. Emerging countries such as China, the Philippines, Russia, Mexico and South Africa should also be included in any discussion about major offshore outsourcing venues. The strong growth in IT outsourcing can be attributed to the tight US labor market caused by the dot. Com boom and the year 2000 problem (Y K) (Friedman, 2005; Hillocks, Fenny, 2006). In Australia, national organizations such as National Australia Bank (NAB) and Tellers continue to outsource to offshore IT groups (Dibbers et al. , 2004). BP- Billion and Shell Australia have transferred data centers and IT support to Malaysia and Singapore from Melbourne (Bogota, 2005). In the late 1 9905 and early 20005 outsourcing maintained a growth rate of 20% per year, although recent figures indicate that it appears to be slowing. In 2005, the total contract value of such mega-deals was just under ISSUES billion -? the lowest such 13 total since 1996.HTTP predicts that the first absolute decline in commercial IT outsourcing revenue could occur between 2006 and 2007 (Gibson, 2006). Some authors argue that this was due to more focused outsourcing deals i. E. Multi-sourcing and tighter IT budgets which may have lessened the prevalence of long-term mega deals. Wagner et al. , (2006) highlighted best of breed in their study and linked it to ERP systems that are responsible for the current trend of layering in which existing ERP systems that replaced best of breed as part of the rationalization are being enhanced with specializes systems.In interviews conducted at Tellers, a new terminology of layering was used to describe current systems (Herbert Murderer, 2001; AAA, 2007; AAA 2, 2007; Pair Cinematographic, 2005; Peppier, 1999). A typical example is NAB, which uses SAP as core ERP but layers specialist systems such as Bank Analyses on top of ERP/SAP. Although not following a best of breed concept in special circumstances, this methodology does leave room for exceptions in strategic requirements. Table 2. Gives a timeline for relevant outsourcing literature.TimeLine for Outsourcing Literature Related Articles 1776: Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, formulates a theory of competitive advantage, expounding the notion of outsourcing as a way to cut costs by hiring cheaper labor in less developed countries. (Smith, 1776) 1963: Electronic Data Systems signs an agreement with Blue Cross of Pennsylvania to handle its topdressing services the first time that a large corporation has turned over its entire topdressing department to a third party. (Electronic Data Systems, 2008) ass and ass: Cost reduction pressure and need for deter communications. Lacily, Hillocks Fenny, 1995; Costa Beaumont, 2001 1989: Total outsourcing of Sodas IT function with the anticipation of about 50% savings in cost. (Hierarchies Lacily, 1996; Kelly, 2004; Lee, 2000) Cost containment as well as reduction and the need to hire IS professionals are proposed as the reasons behind outsourcing. (Cobol Apt, 1995) Improved cost predictability focus on strategic use of IS, resulting in Transaction Cost Theory (TACT) being proposed as a measure of outsourcing. (Williamson, 1979) General framework Of procurement strategies for IS development. (Sardine Pepslnine, 1994) .NET 8 T PI is a sourcing advisory company; refer: wan. . Tip. Net 14 TimeLine for Outsourcing literature Related Articles Contingency framework for analyzing economically efficient relationships after the outsourcing decision. (Sleeper, 1993) Transaction Cost Theory (TACT) is disproved and fails to explain outsourcing experience and contradiction Of TACT. TACT is fraught with imprecise constructs that are difficult in operational. (Lacily Hillocks, 1995; Auber Weber, 2001) Risks and benefits of outsourcing lost in rhetoric (Backchat, Panegyric Cravings, 2004; Meyer, 1994) Loss of control over the quality of the software.Fox, 1 994) Reduced flexibility and loss of strategic alignment are linked as drawbacks of outsourcing. (walker, 1985) Analysis of pitfalls and potential risks of outsourcing gives guidelines for successful contracts, costs of negotiating, monitoring outsourcing contracts and cost of incurring. (Dibbers et al. , 2004 Lacily Hierarchies, 1995) Conduct in-depth interviews with firms and executives in order to understand the forces that drive outsourcing decisions and how these decisions are made. Clark, smug McCrae, 1995) Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing based on 11 risks. Earl, 1996) Observation that major driver for outsourcing is disparity in the salary levels between developed and Third World countries. (Apt Mason, 1 995) Studies find that some strategic applications are not (and are unlikely to be) outsourced to foreign countries in the future due to issues of communication and coordination, potential violation of intellectual property rights, concerns on unclear government rules, cross-border twofold and trade in service. Paten Jurists, 1 994) Hidden cos t of outsourcing from users perception. (Birthlimy, 2001 ) Literature identifies service quality (SURVIVAL) as n important instrument used to measure the service actually experienced by customer due to outsourcing. (Wrigley, Dry Farmhand, 1997) Changes in reasons for outsourcing: L]Delivered quality of service; C]Decades to new technology; C]Divisible and responsive systems; C]Defocus on business competencies; and C]Teleprompter in cash flow. AAA-Grim, 2003; Kebabs Kebabs, 2003) 15 Attempts to provide a complete guide to the complex issue of outsourcing and strategies: C]Dont Outsource Core Competencies; and ADSTAR Small. (Your, 2005) Globalization seen as a part of the world economy tit both positive and negative aspects. For positive aspects see (Robinson Oklahoma, 2004; Patterson, 2006; Underwater, 2005) and negative aspects (Trucker, 1997; Greene, 2006; Interrogator, 2001 Examines how counties provide and implement IT outsourcing services e. G. China. Drivers and obstacles of outsourcing practices in China. (Luau Ghana, 2006) Table 2. 1: Timeline of Major Outsourcing Literature Most of the current literature is based on the American offshore outsourcing experience, with the remaining literature primarily concerned with European experiences in this field. 2. 3. 1 ERP offshore outsourcing Fortune 500 companies have implemented ERP systems such as SAP, Peoples and Oracle (Snyder Basel, 2010). ERP systems were originally embraced because they promised the power of enterprise-wide, international coordination and integration. ERP technology has moved from mainframe-based, batched operations to the clerestories architecture and Internet-enabled, real-time operations (Lenders, 2000). Currently, Accentuate, IBM and Price Waterholes Coopers dominate the field of ERP systems implementation consultancy. ERP are a rapidly growing segment of the IT market. In 1996 ERP IT outsourcing was estimated at around LOSSES billion Ross (Thralldom Guarani, 1998), while in 2008 Gardener estimated that the world outsourcing market for IT services had grown to IIS$748 billion in 2007 (Gardner, 2008; Richter, 2008).Studies have indicated that for every dollar spent on ERP systems such as SAP, an expense of $10 in consultancy can be expected (Perez, Went Mathematician, 2004). As defined by Pair Cinematographic (2005), ERP functional development and deployment have been classified into four main areas, namely: ICC]markets; 9 Gardner is a major IT research company; refer www. Gardner. Com 16 Kicked operations; C]Administrators; and Addressers. This standardization in corporate systems has also allowed standardization in processes, procedures and support.This then brings into question the need for internal business IT support for generic processes and development, as individual resources are better able to focus on value adding (MacDonald, 1996). 2. 32 IT organization workings Organizations are becoming increasingly complex with multiple business units and various IT departments, both internal and external, combined in strategic partnerships. One of the problems for management is achieving a reduction of internal and external boundaries so that diverse groups can ark with better coordination.There are several ways in which an outsourced IT group can work with users to reduce the us versus them boundary. Authors such as Gaffe Ridings (2003) suggest reduction of the inter-group boundaries in order to increase the perception of responsiveness and thus increase their acceptance of the IT work by creating shared goals, user education and joint work activity. In a typical Australian IT project, touch points, direct and indirect lines of communications exist between: Itinerant business unit users; Collaborate business units; L]The head office;C]The IT department for application and hardware support; specialized project teams; Elderliness; and C]Outsourcing partners. These various teams are split into a multitude of roles that include business experts and analysts, developers, managers, functional experts and testers. In essence this means that outsourcing adds another dimension to a complex situation. 17 The lines of communication are complex, in that service chains within a corporations structure and with outside customers and vendors are all interlinked in one way or another as demonst rated in Figure 2. . Customers Business Units Units Outsourcer Hardware Us port Vendors Vendor IT Department Support Project Teams Outsourcer Developers Corporate Figure 2. 2: Typical Touch Points in an IT Organization 2. 3. 3 Trends in IT The current trend is for organizations to view IT as a commodity that can either be managed with alliances or outsourced. An increased reliance on software giants such as Oracle or SAP to provide end-to-end solutions and the move away from best of breed has been replaced by a layering concept.For example, at Tellers the major Human Resources systems are provided on the primary SAP ERR system (with Organization Structure as the source of truth) UT they utilities specializes systems, each from different vendors, as layers to meet specified requirements such as training, portals and wages comparison (AAA 2007; Nordic 2006). This results in different outsourcing contracts with hardware vendors, system vendors and applications support. A hierarchy of support is employed from low-level (i. E. Alp desk) to high-level vendor support for strategic and complex problems. The result is a combination of a vertical, horizontal and matrix organization of relationships and partnerships. The role of the internal IT department has changed from one of a service reviver with skills in systems development to one of facilitating a partnering model that provides the social glue to hold diverse systems and support together (AAA 2006; 18 Based on the research of Zoning et al. (2006), Wagner et al. , (2006) Lee et al. 2003) AAA (2007), AAA (2007) and the researchers experience, Figure 2. I was constructed to give the timeline of IT trends in relationship to the technical models in use. The change towards layering has resulted in software giants buying out smaller specialist software providers whose products they then add or layer onto existing products (Ellis, 2007; Snyder Basel, 2010). A software companys assets are all inside peoples heads ((Poisons, 2007).. Examples of this are Peoples buying J. D.Edwards, then Oracle purchasing both Peoples and Hyperfine and attempting to integrate them. The combining of Oracle Financial, Hyperfine, Business Object, Peoples and J. D. Edwards allows the combined entities to compete with ERP market leader SAP, which in turn has purchased Business Objects in the late sass (Philips, 2007; Wailing, 2007). 2. 4 IT outsourcing: success or failure Authors such as Interrogator (2001) argue that globalization and the free trade yester have been the catalysts that have helped to make offshore outsourcing the success that it is today.Outsourcing has been the result of the global agreement on ideology, with a convergence of beliefs in the value of a market economy, trade liberations and a movement toward a borderless world (Raja, 2004). It can be argued that the emergence of off- the-shelf software such as SAP for corporate usage has helped develop a system for standardizing software applications, making the landscape suddenly more conducive to IT outsourcing (Levine Ross, 2003). The drivers of outsourcing can be summarized as in Table 2. Drivers of Outsourcing Identified by Improved productivity (Thralldom Guarani, 1998) Centralized IT delivery model (Currie Celestial, 2001) Flexibility in staffing levels( Aloof, 1996) Increase in cost-efficient foreign competition (Corroboratory Remington, 2005) Focus on core business (Delbert Inhere, 2006 in pervade, 2001) Organization structure (Your, 2005) IT sourcing partnerships (Welch 1999; Ye, 2005) Competitive advantage (Delbert Inhere, 2006) World Best Practice (Barr, 2005) 19 Table 2. : Drivers of Outsourcing Authors such as Catchalls Soil-Sthere (2005) have attempted to rank ritual success factors and link them to the management theory used in managing the outsourcing relationship. These are outlined in Table 2. 3.Rank Critical success factors Theory 1 Core competency management Theory of core competencies 2 Stakeholder management Stakeholder theory 3 Production cost reduction Neoclassical economic theory 4 Social exchange exploitation Social exchange theory 5 Transaction cost reduction Transaction cost theory 6 Vendor resource exploitation Resource-based theory 7 Contract completeness Contractual theory 8 Relationship exploitation Relational exchange theory 9 Vendor behavior control Agency theory 0 Demarcation of labor Theory of firm boundaries 11 Alliance exploitation Partnership and alliance theory Table 2. : Ranking of Critical Success Factors in IT Outsourcing Relationships 2. 41 Considerations in the outsourcing process The decision to outsource IT is a variant of the classic make/buy decision an organization can invest in the non-core activity of supporting IT infrastructure, or they can contract out (Lealer, 2006; Fine Whitney, 1999).The considerations and factors relating to outsourcing are many and varied but may be based on skill requirements, privacy of information, quality and tragic direction of organizations. Factors such as the quality of service rather than labor arbitrage, is emerging in European countries as a factor in the outsourcing decision (Kodiak Musketeer, 2008).

Sharing is Caring How to Get Your Content Moving!

If you worry that your content is not getting enough shares across your social media channels, you’re not alone. Many business owners and marketers struggle to engage their audience and get their content moving online. If you want to improve your chances of having your content shared, you need to be strategic about the types of content you produce as well as how and when you publish it. While they can’t provide you with all the answers for your unique business, there are various studies that can help you understand what makes content more shareable. So, let’s shine a light on the most recent findings. Most Popular Forms of Content According to a recent study by Fractl and BuzzStream, there were a few trends that stood out regarding content marketing. In particular, there were five forms of content worth paying attention to: How-to posts: Solutions to problems in various steps. List posts: A numbered list addressing a topic followed by a conclusion. Why posts: These supported a specific reader-objective and overall conclusion. What posts: Extra information on a specific topic, often comparing two or more things or ideas. Videos: Giving viewers a visual illustration, demonstration or discussion centered around a topic. The study found that the content most likely to be shared were â€Å"list† and â€Å"why† posts. Videos and how-to articles received less shares overall and â€Å"what† posts were less predictable, but usually had less social success. This demonstrates why businesses who are serious about producing a steady flow of original content will benefit from hiring a content writer or team of writers who are experienced in producing content that covers each of these formats. Your content strategy can then be modified over time to address the needs of your specific audience. Optimizing Your Content A study from Buffer and SumAll also shone a light on how to optimize content for social sharing: Opening paragraphs with shorter sentences are more readable, scannable and shareable Strong, concise blog titles were more clickable and shareable 74 percent of blog posts that are read are under three minutes long and 94 percent are under six Again, this highlights the need for clear, concise writing. People love to share funny cat pictures, but they also want to share good in-depth content. Takeaways: Try publishing more listicles and why-posts and make sure your articles and titles are clear and concise. Where Do You Publish Fresh Content? You can publish the best content in the world, but if the majority of your audience don’t get to see it, it’s a wasted opportunity. Use social media tools like HootSuite and Social Mention to discover who is talking about your business, products or industry, and find out which social channels your target market frequents most. Social analytics company ShareThis found that Facebook was the dominant channel for friends discussing a wide range of topics. Pinterest, on the other hand, provided a platform for more lively discussions around food and drink, beauty, fitness, and shopping. In 2014, the dominant Twitter conversations revolved around news, finance and sports. Takeaways: As an example, if you specialize in beauty products, try publishing more content on channels like Pinterest. If you’re in finance, focus your content marketing efforts on Twitter. Delivering content to the right channels – where your target audience spends most of their time – is key to boosting social media shares. When Do People Share More Content? In the Fractl and BuzzStream survey, the most social interaction occurred in September, October and November, with video content also peaking in popularity in the last quarter. When it comes to the best times of day to publish content according to data from the QuickSprout blog, you’ll get more shares if you publish at the following times: Twitter: 5:00 p.m. Facebook: 1:00 p.m weekdays Google Plus: 9:00 a.m. on a Wednesday LinkedIn: 10:00 – 11:00 a.m. on a Tuesday Pinterest: 9:00 p.m. on Fridays and Saturdays Instagram: in the evening Takeaways: Experiment with different publication times and check your analytics to see what works best for you. Following these guidelines is a good place to start to boost shares and website traffic. What Inspires Content Sharing? You should also take into account the tone of your content. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania discovered that people are far more likely to share â€Å"positive† content. Useful, practical content was also more popular. To encourage more content sharing, also keep this in mind: Include a clearly visible share button at the end of each post Ask people to share your content with a clear call-to-action Publish more visual content. According to research, the most shared posts on Facebook are images and Tweets that include images are more likely to be retweeted Write strong headlines. Grab your readers’ attention with funny, surprising or intriguing headlines Many businesses in today’s content-rich digital landscape are finding it increasingly necessary to hire a content writer to meet the high standards expected from information-hungry, savvy consumers. It makes good business sense to have experienced writers who can write concisely and get the tone right for specific target markets. The Bottom Line Tailoring your content strategy using these guidelines should help increase shares and boost awareness of your brand. But it takes time and commitment. If you don’t have the time or resources to produce regular, fresh content, follow the example of other successful companies and hire a outsourced content writer. This way, you can ensure you deliver quality content for your readers that they’ll want to share with others. Do you have any tips to encourage content sharing? Add your comments below or give us a shout on Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn!

Causes of Technological and Economic Growth by Ester Boserup in Population and Technology and by Lewis Mumford in The Myth of Machine Technics and Human Development

Causes of Technological and Economic Growth by Ester Boserup in Population and Technology and by Lewis Mumford in The Myth of Machine Technics and Human Development Historical differences in technological change by Ester Boserup Beserup suggests a theory that population density was one of the most influential, if not the most, factors in technological progress. In this respect, civilizations that had increased population density in terms of people in a definite area were doomed to experience technological changes. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Technological and Economic Growth by Ester Boserup in Population and Technology and by Lewis Mumford in The Myth of Machine: Technics and Human Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some technological inventions, even being useful and quite applicable, can remain unrealised until the conditions change in terms of population density, food scarcity, and food supply. In this respect, knowledge can remain unimplemented for a long period of time. The author claims that the period and timeframe necessary for realisation of s ome knowledge and its application in life can be predicted with the help of analysis of population density, population growth, and the growth rate. In other words, the historical differences in the speed of technological change can be explained in terms of the interrelations between population needs, demographic situation, and realisation of knowledge. I think that her explanation is rather convincing because there should be some impulse in society or science to promote and encourage the practical realisation of knowledge and its introduction for the purpose of overcoming some problems faced by society. Analysis of technological change by Lewis Mumford Lewis Mumford analyses technology as a scope of machines aimed at promotion of capitalism in human society. Also, this author called religious aspects and warfare strong elements that contributed greatly to the technological change. Besides, Mumford saw ‘technics’, as he called technology, in combination with religious a nd social values as a one whole or ‘organic mechanism’. In this respect, Mumford analysed technological progress as the one related to capitalism and social factors: technological changes can restrict people to power or increase potential and exist as a ‘machine’ in combination with social factors. Differences and similarities The concept of ‘technics’ by Mumford and ‘technology’ by Boserup Boserup’s concept of ‘technology’ includes development of agriculture as she analyses the methods of people in overcoming famine and other stresses related to food scarcity, growth of population, or decrease of resources. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Ester Boserup suggests agriculture and techniques used for intensification of crop growth, development of crop resistance methods, and other tools th at can be used to fight the problems related to food scarcity and population growth. Though Mumford claimed about the use of technology as he called it ‘technics’, he realised the threat of technological progress to the progress of social and religious sectors. Approaches to technological change Boserup approaches technological change as means to find an appropriate application of knowledge and overcome famine or other difficulties encountered by population because of increase in population density, decrease in resources, and other factors related to environment, land, and demographic situation. On the other hand, Mumford approaches technological change as the one that can make the human life more convenient or more restricted. Explanation of ‘Promethean impulse’ Mumford explains the ‘Promethean impulse’ as a shift from the technology as a tool to narrow and restrict human life to power to personal use of technological progress products and me thods. For Boserup, an impulse included appropriate conditions in society and environment so that certain knowledge, that could be potentially used to overcome certain difficulty, was realised. Reference List Boserup, Ester, 1981. Population and technology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Mumford, Lewis, 1967. The myth of the machine: Technics and human development. San Diego, California: Harcourt, Brace World.

Christianity and Democracy in America Term Paper

Christianity and Democracy in America - Term Paper Example In democratic countries, society is controlled in a lesser degree than the government. Consequently, democracy leads to the creation of opinions, sentiments, suggests ordinary practices of life, and modifies what it does not produce (Tocqueville 5). â€Å"The more I advanced in the study of American society, the more I perceived that the equality of conditions was the fundamental fact from which all others seemed to be derived, and the central point at which all my observations constantly terminated. I then turned my thoughts to our own hemisphere, and imagined that I discerned there also something analogous to the spectacle which the new world presented to me. I observed that the equality of conditions, though it has not yet reached, as in the United States, its extreme limits, is daily progressing towards them; and that the democracy which governs the American communities appears to be rapidly rising into power in Europe. From that moment I conceived the idea of the book which is now before the reader.† (Tocqueville 6). According to Tocqueville, American democracy is the best example that should be followed by other countries. He considers democracy to be the greatest and the most important issue of his time. However, America was seen by both democrats and aristocrats as a force that tries to divide Europe. Democrats argued that democratic principles should be exercised in the society while aristocrats tried to withstand the democratic spirit. Jacques Maritain Maritain, who was a Frenchman, majorly reflected on the church and the state. The state, according to Maritain, is political and is concerned with the common welfare of the people, the public order, and administration of public affairs. Further, he states that the state is a part of a society that protects and promotes the interests of the people. The state is not a person or a group of persons but rather an institution or institutions working together (Dougherty 13). Maritain further explains th e importance of a spirituality or Christianity in the state. From a religious point of view, the common good of the politics in the state is in direct ordination of something which transcends it. The state is controlled and is under the order of a supreme being. From a secular perspective, the church is an organization or a set of instructions concerned with the spiritual well being of an individual or of a believer. In political perspective, the good activities done by the citizens have an impact on the lives of the members of a community. Therefore, the church is necessary for the common good of the state and to the society. He further states that the church and the state cannot work in isolation or the ignorance of one another. In the body of a person, there is a part which is a member of the church and another part which is political. An absolute division of the church and the state cannot occur. The state and the church must cooperate (Maritain 15). Further, Maritain says that the state owes its political authority to the people. Citizens must be given a right to self government. The right of self governance is foreseen in the constitution, whether written or not written. The citizens are the group of persons who unite under just laws to achieve their common goal. However, the citizens are concerned not only with politics. Every individual has a spiritual soul; therefore, the people are above the state, the sate works for them not the citizens working for

PESTEL Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PESTEL Analysis - Essay Example The presence of mining will inflate wages and keep the exchange rate strong, which can prevent other sectors, for example, agriculture, from being internationally competitive and thus from realizing the opportunity for export-driven growth (Mining and Poverty Reduction online). The higher incomes of mine workers can lead to rising local prices-with the poor left behind; at the same time, the poor and nonmining population may have only limited access to services provided by the mine (Mining and Poverty Reduction online). The often harsh living conditions for miners in small-scale mining as well as in large-scale mining, along with the lack of information and education about prevention, can contribute to a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other communicable diseases among miners and their families. Also, work-related injuries and health risks-lung cancer, for example-reduce the miners' life expectancy and often put families in particularly precarious situations (Mining and Poverty Reduction online). Mining activities can have a negative impact on the livelihood of indigenous people, with sociocultural conflicts surrounding the establishment of mining activities in otherwise rural areas or in the "wilderness" (Mining and Poverty Reduction online). Environmental damage can be caused by mining.

Radicalization of American Muslims hearings Research Paper

Radicalization of American Muslims hearings - Research Paper Example Some people justify such hearings by saying that different evidences brought up in the courts by authentic witnesses play a pivotal role in cleaning up the mess, which is created by Al-Qaeda. The persistent efforts of Al-Qaeda to destabilize America by radicalizing the Muslim community are way too conspicuous to be ignored and these efforts can be effectively dealt with by proper radicalization hearings. It is believed by the proponents of radicalization hearings that such kinds of things provide a solid platform for probing the growing incidence of radicalization in America. Radicalization hearings are justified by King, the American legislator, who opinions that Al-Qaeda operatives are pretty active in America and these hearings do not aim to uselessly threaten the Muslim community but to raise the radicalization issues that put America in danger. (Goodman, 2011). Still, there are many people who strongly condemn such hearings and believe them to be merely an unfair means of singli ng out a community that is largely innocent and not prejudiced against the American government. They say that the American Muslims should stand up against the fake witnesses brought up in the unjustified series of hearings against the innocent Muslim community.

Media Effects on Teenage Drinking

Media Effects on Teenage Drinking JOE: A Teenagers Struggle Stephanie Mikalatos Schools, government programs and parents working harder and harder to educate children, to just say no (Levinthal 387) [i] to drugs. But the fight is hard against millions of dollars used for alcohol and prescription drug advertisements, that are doing exactly the opposite and trying to make adolescents and adults drink, take pills and smoke. In addition there are plenty of television programs and movies that are showing drug use as being cool. Younger people then receive mixed messages do to traditional advertising, media images, movies, songs, the internet and all known social media. An important factor are the more relaxed rating of movies with scenes of actors smoking, drinking and using drugs. That is why the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that tobacco advertising in all media will be forbidden, restrictions on alcohol advertising, avoiding general exposure to children with media associated with substances such as tobacco, alcohol, drugs, illegal drugs. They vote for more prevention and more class media education. In the media example the teenager started talking about alcohol when he was thirteen years old. He wanted to try it out of curiosity and to buy alcohol as a minor is relatively easy in other countries. It became a trend to go out with friends and drinking very fast. He started drinking beer and cheap drinks at first, but eventually developed a taste for better and purer alcohol. By the age of fourteen he drank alcohol regularly and until he passed out. This however did not prevent him from drinking every night, but was able to keep his parents in the dark about it. From this point on he started with alcohol, progressed to the use of marijuana and lastly to LSD and cocaine. This stands in total opposite about that view new media ads give us about alcohol. In the words of a major 2005 study analyzing the lifestyles of eight- to eighteen-year-olds, young people today live â€Å"media-saturated lives, spending an average six to eight hours a day with media.†[ii] (Levinthal 391) The in study called Generation M (for Media), spends the time of a full time job with new media. [iii]The new medias providing teenager with a multitude of entertaining such as reading (eBooks with tablets), listening to music, text messaging and chatting online with friends, watching TV, movies, live stream YouTube and similar WebPages. Parents are not able anymore to control their childrens media access, because of missing knowledge or just unrestricted access in the teens own four walls. Alcohol is still the number one drug on American television and statistically every fourteen minutes some type of alcohol can be seen in selected programs. The results of multiple studies show that alcohol is constantly and visually present everywhere, but is rarely addressed explicitly. [iv]Especially the trivialized representations of alcohol in the environment of sports programs, drinking with girls in sexy outfits or music events; and in conjunction with humor makes it hard for the consumer to see the dangers of its use. Surveys showed that almost all young people have experiences with alcohol of some sorts. Alcohol plays a huge role from the perspective of young people, especially at parties and being together with friends; it creates fun and contributes to a better mood. On television the youth using alcohol especially in youth series, in advertising and in feature films. Overall, it was found that a media education project could contribute to raising awareness of alcohol issue s such as excessive consumption of alcohol can lead to aggression and destroy friendships. Presented in a new media form the understanding of the dangers of alcohol (or any other drug) would be made easier for the adolescent media user. Children learn early to know alcohol by watching adults drink before them on festive occasions or even every day in their home environment. This makes it much easier to even try in opposite to what the AAP article is saying. One can get to alcohol or easily as a survey explained, 81% of the youth surveyed knew that alcohol is present in their household.[v] Alcohol drinking is in: When teenagers drink alcohol, they are recognized by their peers or elders. The young people do not want to stand back in the group. If in a group where everyone drinks and most are older, teenagers do not want to stand back. That is how to become more recognized. Alcohol lifts the mood, for example at a party or in society. Thinking about problems is getting less and after more drug use even forget the everyday life. The adult the young person sees having a drink in movies, commercials, at home in the internet and so on is often to be imitated. Since some adult stand as a models, like actors, musician, athl etes the young people usually think nothing of it. They do not know the far-reaching the consequences can become. Here too can be seen that real life examples can be as bad as examples, as the ones in the media which I think is missing in the article. 5% of young people drinking too much alcohol and are at risk. 15% percent, however, never drink alcohol. The alcoholic beverage no. one is beer. Wine and spirits are less in demand. In general, alcohol is considered normal. Who does not drink, is considered a nerd, an outsider, teens in peer pressure are forced to drink. A study shows for the years 2009 to 2014 shows, 86 adult directed popular musical performances with alcohol on average on each average day on music channels like MTV or VHS.[vi] Advertising/ showing of alcohol like beer, demonstrates such a fun time in ones life, attractive, successful teen pictures. Since 1960, the TV advertising market for beer, wine, liquor grew, and the ads are often to see at primetime TV. 1000-2000 alcohol ads are annually shown during performances, series and reality shows for young people, plus sports broadcasts. In all these examples not one public service announcement (PSA) on the advertising of alcohol was to be attached. The trend of new sweet spirits and mix drinks that are containing more alcohol then beer went up in advertisement. 20% more liquor advertising on TV and 92% more magazine pages.[vii] New technologies for the Internet, social networking sites and even mobile phones offer even more exposure. The so-called war on drugs has been going on in the film industry, and smoking is often totally banned. But a large number of film scenes are still showing alcohol with healthy adults and in many places. Together with the media and early education, the support to encourage children and young people to live alcohol free. Laws and regulation can be done to eliminate displays of happy drunks in social media. [viii] Joe says in opposite to most research, that teens have a hard time avoiding drugs because they are so easy to come by and are often supplied by close friends. In school there are so many kids that sell stuff and a lot of times they are friends as well. The stereotypical drug pusher whom kids are warned about is the exception. Children are getting taught that somebody who sells drugs is, like, some filthy, grungy guy in a parka, but more often first exposures to drugs was through close friends, sometimes even immediate family. Joe thinks that it is a mistake for a lot of anti-drug campaigns geared to teens, to portray drug dealers looking like demons. Most of the kids that do a lot of the heavy drugs and booze are just as regular and probably quite pleasing to look at for regular people. Regarding the seventeen points of advocacy and guidance through pediatricians there are indeed some of the points that can be used. Pediatricians can raise awareness with the parents of a teenager by asking questions about the media usage and the location of the teens TV and computer like in point one. But knowing that teens are much more tech savvy then their parents one can assume that they will trick their way through with using a gaming platform or their phone. Some of the other points seem to be to say the least- unrealistic. Parents will not change their daily life around to pre-view movies with their kids. They will not switch off the TV during the meals. They have even movies running when they are for ten minutes with their kids in the car so they do not need to talk to them. Of course the entertainment industry should show more sensibility and responsibility. Congress needs to come up with new laws and regulations about advertisements regarding medications, alcohol and tobacco. As logical consequence there should be more funding for early education and commercials against drinking and smoking, like we can see in the campaigns against texting and driving for example. But even though all these things are factors that increase the risks of kids getting lured into drug use- the biggest of all responsibility still lays with the closest family and friends. Remembering the prohibition area, having alcohol as I totally illegal substance did not show to be really successful. This approach only added more crime, [1]secrets and home-made booze that was quite dangerous sometimes because it was even stronger. In conclusion one really would think that just a general better education and more own responsibility for every citizen can make a difference. References American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications. Children, adolescents, and advertising [published correction appears in Pediatrics.2007;119(2):424]. Pediatrics.2006;118(6):2563–2569 BorzekowskiDLG,StrasburgerVC.Tobacco, alcohol, and drug exposure. In CalvertS,WilsonBJ, eds.Handbook of Children and the Media.Boston, MA: Blackwell;2008:432–452. StrasburgerVC. Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth:Clicking With Kids: Alcohol Marketing and Youth on the Internet.Washington, DC:Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth;2004 Firshein, Janet. PBS. Thirteen. Moyers on Addiction. Close to home.  © 2009 Real-Life Stories. JOE: A Teenagers Struggle. http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/stories/html/joe.html HornikR,JacobsohnL,OrwinR,PiesseAN,KaltonG.Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths.Am J Public Health.2008;98(12):2229–2236 Levinthal, Charles F. Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society, 7th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 12/2010. VitalBook file Mayo Clinic Staff. Underage drinking: Talking to your teen about alcohol.  © 1998-2014 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/tween-and-teen-health/in-depth/teen-drinking/art- MorenoMA,BrinerLR,WilliamsA,WalkerL,ChristakisDA.Real use or â€Å"real cool†: adolescents speak out about displayed alcohol references on social networking websites.J Adolesc Health.2009;45(4):420–422 Nemours. Teen Health. Alcohol.  © 1995-2014 The Nemour Foundation. http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/alcohol.html [1]Levinthal, Charles F. Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society, 7th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 12/2010. [i] Levinthal, Charles F. Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society, 7th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 12/2010. VitalBook file. [ii] Levinthal, Charles F. Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society, 7th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 12/2010. VitalBook file. [iii] Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth:Clicking With Kids: Alcohol Marketing and Youth on the Internet.Washington, DC:Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth;2004 [iv] Nemours. Teen Health. Alcohol.  © 1995-2014 The Nemour Foundation. http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/alcohol.html [v] HornikR,JacobsohnL,OrwinR,PiesseAN,KaltonG.Effects of the National Youth Anti- Drug Media Campaign on youths.Am J Public Health.2008;98(12):2229–2236 [vi] American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications. Children, adolescents, and advertising [published correction appears in Pediatrics.2007;119(2):424]. Pediatrics.2006; [vii] American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications. Children, adolescents, and advertising [published correction appears in Pediatrics.2007;119(2):424]. Pediatrics.2006; [viii] MorenoMA,BrinerLR,WilliamsA,WalkerL,ChristakisDA.Real use or â€Å"real cool†: adolescents speak out about displayed alcohol references on social networking websites.J Adolesc Health.2009;45

Existentialism in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgerald's fiction presents not only the magic of the Jazz Age but also its immorality, materialism, and degradation of the human spirit. While Fitzgerald was probably not trying to specifically present existentialism in his works, Finkelstein describes Fitzgerald's work as having an existential theme: â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald was of this milieu, and at the same time critically detached from it. He expressed its hard-boiled, disillusioned attitude through the deliberate use of alienated imagery† (171).He manages to present the existential theme of alienation along with other existential issues; the characters in his fiction characterize the existential ideas of the absurdity of life, the absolute freedom of choice, and living with the consequence of one's choices. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited,† the freedom of choice leads the characters to exploit wealth and freedom and, eventually, to regret past actions and try to make up for the abuse of this freedom. In â €Å"Babylon Revisited† the reader can see the absurdity of life through the rise, fall and rebuilding of Charlie Wales.He chooses to drink and spend all his money. He loses everything in the stock market crash but attempts to rebuild his life. Charlie is distraught over the tragic loss of his wife but realizes that he must suffer the consequences of his prior actions.Regaining custody of his daughter Honoria serves as a symbol that Charlie has regained control of his life. This paper presents the ideas of existentialism as they apply to â€Å"Babylon Revisited†. The greatest tenet of existentialism in â€Å"Babylon Revisited† is that life is absurd because there is no true meaning.Individuals must create meaning; therefore they are constantly searching for themselves. Charlie Wales was searching for his true meaning and made some choices that led to bad consequences. The ultimate absurdity in this story is that Charlie makes the right decision to turn his life a round, but because he must live with his consequences, he fails to regain custody of his daughter. Although Charlie believes he has moved beyond his previous profligate behavior, his sister-in law does not, and she makes the decision to keep his daughter from him.The most absurd part is that Charlie is better suited now to take care of his daughter but Marion manages to remain in control of the situation. He works hard to build his life back up but one incident (that reflects his past life) turns everything upside down.Charlie Wales made some choices that led to bad consequences. The ultimate absurdity in this story is that even though Charlie has made the right decision to turn his life around, he must live with the consequences of his previous decisions and fails to regain custody of his daughter.The absurdity here deals with the fact that Charlie's experiences run contrary to expectations. If he has indeed changed his life, he should be rewarded for his redemption; unfortunately, he is not. He works hard to build his life back up but one incident (that reflects his past life) turns everything upside down.Although Charlie is now strong, his sister-in-law Marion is not, and she makes the decision to keep his daughter from him. Charlie may be better suited now to take care of his daughter, but Marion manages to remain in control of the situation.Charlie makes the choice to go back to the bar where he had spent much time in the past, and he makes the absurdly innocuous choice to give the bartender the Peters' address, which leads to the incident of Duncan and Lorraine's visit to the Peters' apartment that destroys the entire effort to get his daughter back.The reader, therefore, can never truly know how big of a role Charlie plays in his own downfall. He lives, as we all do, in an absurd world and this absurdity magnifies the impact of even the smallest decision. The existential idea of free will is important in â€Å"Babylon Revisited.† Sartre postulate s a concept of being-in-itself that corresponds to one phenomenal world, and it does not lie within the power of the individual to choose it. Individuals exist by virtue of personal choice. He believes â€Å"there is no universal a priori structure of consciousness, no common human nature, no native set of desires shared by all men that dispose us to project one kind of values to the exclusion of others or to give being-in-itself one kind of meaning rather than another† (Olson 133). Each individual is absolutely free.Charlie Wales exercised his free will prior to Helen's death in a series of wasteful actions that Fitzgerald presents as having a connection to the biblical idea of â€Å"Babylon. † The writings of the â€Å"Fathers of the Church describe Babylon as the ancient center of luxury and wickedness† (Baker 270).Fitzgerald develops the Babylon motif by presenting Charlie's actions as â€Å"catering to vice and waste† (215). Here, Fitzgerald's work c an be seen as assimilating Nietzsche's idea that God is dead and each individual must be the god of himself in a world without a God (Lavine 325).Since the existentialist mentality has as its basis the concept that an individual is free to make choices for the life he or she lives, he or she is absolutely responsible for the world in which he or she lives. The concept of being-in-itself did not cause Charlie to choose this life.If, therefore, he made a bad choice, he cannot hold anyone else responsible. Not until after the stock market crash does Charlie realize the consequences of his actions and feel the guilt of those consequences. He realizes that, like all individuals, he is responsible for everything he does (Toor 157).Charlie is held responsible for his actions in that he loses both his wife and daughter. He cannot reclaim his daughter until he accepts the consequences of his past. Charlie Wales pays the penance for his choice to drink and live the life of Babylon (Eble 42).H e realizes that he must pay the price: It [money] had been given, even the most wildly squandered sum, as an offering to destiny that he might not remember the things most worth remembering, the things that now he would always remember – his child taken from his control, his wife escaped to a grave in Vermont (Fitzgerald 216).For Charlie, the suddenness of the Depression creates a sense of dislocation, a feeling that he is living in two worlds at once. He is committed to the idea of recovery and the new way of life he has created, but he still clings partially to many of the habits he formed during the boom (Way 91).Charlie Wales makes the existential choice to live the â€Å"Babylonian† concept of â€Å"vice and waste. † He now, however, feels the stress of his actions, and he makes the choice to try to reconcile his former failings. The recovery is the important change that Charlie makes.His main purpose is to regain custody of Honoria. Charlie feels as if he has paid the price for his past choices and has sufficiently recovered enough to look after Honoria himself. He tells Marion and Lincoln that he is anxious to have a home and anxious to have Honoria in it.He states that â€Å"things have changed radically† with him (Fitzgerald 220). The memory of Helen drives Charlie to work hard and make himself a better person. He is working to get Honoria not only for his own sake, but for the sake of his dead wife.Fitzgerald is showing the sort of strength in Charlie that the reader does not see in Marion. Charlie has learned to control his drinking. When Marion finds out he had been in a bar before coming to her apartment, she chides him. He responds, â€Å"I take one drink every afternoon and I've had that† (213).He is trying to prove that he can control his drinking habits. He has one drink to enjoy the idea and taste of alcohol but will not allow himself to drink in excess. This is his idea of control, â€Å"I take that drink deliberately so that the idea of alcohol won't get too big in my imagination† (Fitzgerald 221).He knows it will be difficult to persuade Marion to let Honoria go, but he is confident that if he accepts her recriminations patiently and convinces her of his newly acquired steadiness of character, he will ultimately be successful. Another element of Charlie's recovery that Fitzgerald addresses is his renewed relationship with his daughter.Fitzgerald makes it obvious in the beginning of the novel that Honoria was not the first thing on the mind of her parents during their Babylon days. When the barman asks why he is in town and Charlie responds that he is in Paris to see his daughter, the barman replies questioningly, â€Å"Oh-h!You have a little girl? † (211). Someone who knew Charlie fairly well during his drinking days did not even know that he had a daughter. Fitzgerald contrasts this idea of having no relationship with his daughter by showing with tenderness and affect ion the scenes in which Charlie tentatively establishes contact with Honoria.He buys her toys and takes her to the circus, creating once again the atmosphere of love between them. Although he may be buying the love of his daughter, Marion grudgingly admits that Charlie has earned the right to his child (Way 91). Fitzgerald also shows the intense love that the child has for her father.She wants to go with him to Prague and asks when she will get to be with him (217). Charlie has recovered to the point that he wants to be with his child and she wants to be with him. Ultimately, when Marion denies him the child, he again shows strength of character (Way 109).He remains lonely but self-confident, â€Å"He would come back some day; they couldn't make him pay forever† (Fitzgerald 230). Sartre believes that â€Å"there are moments of anguish when life loses its meaning: when the objects that formerly drew our attention fade into oblivion and the desires that had previously guided o ur conduct seem vain or petty† (Olson 131).This creates an ugliness in the world to which people must react. These â€Å"moments of anguish† in â€Å"Babylon Revisited† occur when Charlie's friends manage to show up at the most inopportune times: â€Å"Sudden ghosts out of the past: Duncan Schaeffer, a friend from college.Lorraine Quarries; one of a crowd who had helped them make months into days in the lavish times of three years ago† (Fitzgerald 217). In a foreshadowing of the more crucial intrusion that Duncan and Lorraine will make later in the story, the first encounter with the duo is when they intrude on Charlie's luncheon with Honoria.They invite him to come sit in the bar with them and also invite him to dinner. They cannot accept the change in Charlie. Their intrusion is an unwanted product of Charlie's past, and they are outside forces that affect his life that he cannot control (Cooper 52). Later in the story, Lorraine invites him to dinner, re minding him of their drunken exploits. As a temptress, she has lost her charm for Charlie. He instead goes to meet with the Peters and his daughter (Baker 272). Just as Charlie has regained permission to take his child, the final, and most detrimental, intrusion occurs.Lorraine and Duncan crash the apartment, unmistakably drunk. They loudly and brutishly encourage him to join them for dinner. He tries feverishly to get them out of the apartment, but they are the reminders of his old life that Marion needs to change her mind. Lorraine will not let Charlie forget about his mistakes, â€Å"All right we'll go. But I remember once when you hammered on my door at 4 a. m. I was enough of a sport to give you a drink† (Fitzgerald 227). Charlie knows that he has lost Honoria because of these outside forces that try to make him weaker.Fitzgerald shows that Charlie is stronger because of his life change. Charlie dealt with the encounters by choosing to be strong, â€Å"Somehow an unwelc ome encounter. His old friends liked him because he was functioning, because he was serious; they wanted to see him, because he was stronger than they were now because they wanted to draw a certain sustenance from his strength† (218). This strength has led to Charlie's feeling of isolation. He goes to the Ritz bar in search of Duncan and Lorraine with the idea of finding them and letting them know that they possibly ruined his life.They had done their sorry work and vanished from his life (Baker 273). Existential philosophy includes alienation from the world, from one's fellows, from oneself (Finkelstein), and Charlie suffers this type of alienation. He has lost his family and his life. When he eventually fails to regain custody of Honoria, he questions why life dealt him this hand: â€Å"He wanted his child, and nothing was much good now, beside that fact. He wasn't young any more, with a lot of nice thoughts and dreams to have himself. He was absolutely sure Helen wouldn't have wanted him to be so alone† (Fitzgerald 230).â€Å"Babylon Revisited† opens in the Ritz bar, a symbolic prison for those trapped in Charlie's lifestyle. Charlie spent many nights in the â€Å"prison† of the Ritz bar, when he was in his prime party era. Charlie drinks himself into a sanitarium before he begins to come out of the prison of alcoholism.The story then ends again in the Ritz bar. Charlie has come full circle since the beginning of the story. He found happiness in knowing that he would take Honoria home, and then his past of loneliness finds him. The intrusions lead to his ultimate loneliness again (Griffith 237).He is sitting in the Ritz bar when he finds out that Marion has refused to let Honoria go. He realizes that his loneliness will not end because of the mistakes that he has made: â€Å"Again the memory of those days swept over him like a nightmare†¦ the men who locked their wives out in the snow, because the snow of twenty-nine wasn't real snow.If you didn't want it to be snow, you just paid some money† (229). The prosperity that he once had is now imprisoning him in a life of solitude and loneliness. The sentence that he must pay in this prison is six more months of loneliness before he can try to get custody of Honoria again (Baker 274).LeVot, in his discussion of Fitzgerald's life, notes that this story marks the end of an era. This is the foreclosure of the almost divine privileges Americans had enjoyed before the Depression. â€Å"Charlie Wales feels like a king stripped of his kingdom, his past, his illusions† (256).Ten years after he wrote the story, Fitzgerald stated that the story was his farewell to youth. Just as Fitzgerald is fearful that his own irresponsibility will pass to his daughter, Charlie tries to wipe out the past so it will not affect Honoria. LeVot states, â€Å"A great wave of protectiveness went over him. He thought he knew what to do for her.He believed in character, he wa nted to jump back a whole generation and trust in character again as the eternally valuable element† (256). He wants to revive an earlier virtue, for the sake of Honoria. This revival will help to alleviate the loneliness he feels without his daughter.Fitzgerald felt the loneliness brought about by his addiction to alcohol (LeVot â€Å"Fitzgerald in Paris† 51). Bruccoli states that when Charlie remembers his Paris nights that these were probably Fitzgerald's own memories, â€Å"When Fitzgerald went pub-crawling by himself, it was sometimes hard to terminate his revels† (239).His talent and charm often rescued him from the social morasses he created. Bruccoli shares an incident when Fitzgerald showed up drunk at the Paris Tribune and ripped up copy. He sang and insisted that the other reporters join in. When several friends tried to take him home, he insisted that they tour the bars.He finally passed out, but when they delivered him to his apartment he refused to go in. They eventually had to carry Fitzgerald into to his apartment, kicking and screaming. This account was forgiven, as were most of his other escapades (239).Charlie Wales, unlike Fitzgerald, has not been forgiven and remains separated from his wife and daughter due to alcoholism. He had to work hard to regain his life. The existential absurdity is that he was unable to get custody of Honoria, although he paid the penance for his past sins.Charlie chose to live the life of â€Å"Babylon† and lost everything. After doing everything right to change his life, the outside forces of Duncan and Lorraine ruined his plans to make a home with Honoria. These outside forces are the consequences of the past life that Charlie chose to live.Existentialists not only believe in free will but also living with the consequences of past decisions. Charlie's past decisions led to his ultimate loneliness and alienation. Sartre makes the point that alienation is one of the greatest tenets of ex istentialism.Although Fitzgerald is not an existentialist, his characters in â€Å"Babylon Revisited† are good examples of the ideas of the existentialist movement and how those ideas affect and shape a person's existence.Works Cited Baker, Carlos. â€Å"When the Story Ends, ‘Babylon Revisited. The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: New Approaches in Criticism. Madison, Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1982. 269-277.Bruccoli, Matthew J. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.Finkelstein, Sidney. Existentialism and Alienation in American Literature. New York: International Publishers, 1965.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. â€Å"Babylon Revisited† and Other Stories. New York: Macmillan Scribner Classic, 1988. 210-230.Griffith, Richard R. â€Å"A Note on Fitzgerald's ‘Babylon Revisited. ‘ † American Literature 35 (May 1963): 236-239.Lavine, T. Z. From Socrates to Sartre: the Philosophic Quest. New York: Bantam, 1984.LeVot, Andr e. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography. New York: Doubleday, 1983.LeVot, Andre. â€Å"Fitzgerald in Paris. † Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual 5 (1973): 49-68.Olson, Robert G. A Short Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1967.Toor, David. â€Å"Guilt and Retribution in ‘Babylon Revisited. ‘† Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual 5 (1973): 155-64.Way, Brian. F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Art of Social Fiction. New York: St. Martin's, 1980.

Taste of Iron Water

Cary Wolfe Professor Murrey English 200, Tuesday & Thursday Class 26 February 2013 Word Count 1008 The Appalachian: Separation An Analysis of Separation in Jim Wayne Miller’s â€Å"The Taste of Ironwater† My small Appalachian hometown is peaceful, with its flowing streams and rolling hills, somewhat untouched by the rest of the world, a place I hope to never leave again. Separation is defined in multiple ways; the one used in this story is the process of separating or the condition of being separated (DEF. ).Just like Buddy, the main character in Jim Wayne Miller’s â€Å"The Taste of Ironwater,† I once was in a state of overwhelming separation from the armed forces, my spouse, and my Appalachian home. After finishing my last deployment in the United States Army, I came home to an empty house and a Dear John letter. I was only sixty days from becoming a civilian. Then I had to decide through all of the anxiety from separation what I wanted to do: I had fami ly close by that had found me work, if I wanted to stay in the south, or I could return home to endless possibilities.This story helped me see the trials and tribulations of separation in a different light. In the story a man named Buddy had run into an old friend, L. C.. They talked about the good old days, and their friends who had made something of themselves. Odell took the hell raiser to preacher approach in life, while Haskill Bayes (a not as intelligent person) had graduated from a community college that had open up near their hometown. Soon afterward, Buddy’s mom had sent Preacher Odell to pay him a visit, and in return Buddy decided to return home.Throughout Jim Wayne Miller’s â€Å"The Taste of Ironwater,† Miller showed the pattern of separation in Buddy’s life, through the military, his wife, and the small hometown he had left behind years ago. One way, Buddy’s transition from military to civilian life is not just a change in employment, but a change in culture and lifestyle as well, played a part in his separation from civilians. Buddy had a soured personality; he didn’t enjoy or have a want to be around anyone. â€Å"And you take, lots of folks from Wolf Pen’s up here workin, but just getting up, goin’ to work, comin home, you hardly ever see anybody† L.C. said (155). â€Å"He liked it just that way—not seeing any body† Buddy’s thoughts (155). â€Å"Buddy’s dad had a room over on Oak, Buddy hadn’t seen him in two-three weeks, didn’t want to† (155). Buddy’s strict way of life had disappeared, no one had the disciplined that had been in graved into him, it’s was easier for him to just be alone. Another pattern of separation in the story would be Buddy’s parting from his wife, Evie. Buddy was in complete denial with his departure to Evie, until Odell the preacher confronted him. â€Å"Man, I got two weeks off.Evie†™s visitin’ her folks—out in New Mexico† (155) Buddy said. â€Å"Right now I’m batchin, L. C. Lookin’ for a place. When Evie gets back† (155). Then Buddy and Odell had a conversion that explains a lot of his actions. â€Å"Buddy, lookit me. You’re lyin too me. All I know is what your Mom told me, Buddy—about you and your wife separating and all† Odell said (158). â€Å"They know, they know down home. When she went back to New Mexico to visit her folks, Buddy had known even before he got the letter that she was long gone† Buddy’s thoughts (158).Buddy’s separation from his wife was actually a small death to him, he no longer had a will to keep going until he found out more people knew the truth about his separation. Finally, the separation that’s had its affects throughout Miller’s â€Å"The Taste of Ironwater† was Buddy leaving his Appalachian Home. These next few sentences were descriptions of how Buddy was feeling about finally going back home. â€Å"It was November, and Wolf Pen would be gray and muddy, but he always remembered it the way it was in spring and early summer† (158). â€Å"Buddy could see it as clear as the grains of sand on the bottom of a spring.And lying there, thinking of home, hating it, loving it he was so homesick for that place he could taste it, like lying on his stomach at a spring down home, drinking the ironwater with its rusty taste—water that stained coffee cups, dippers and water buckets† (159). Up to this point, Buddy hadn’t had any pleasure or any self-satisfaction until he realized that he had just reunited himself with his hometown. â€Å"Hello, home! † Buddy said, turned up the radio and started singing along (159). This was Buddy’s only reconnection, from all of the separation he had been facing throughout the story.We will all deal with some type of separation in our lives, and more than likely it will come in many shapes and forms. Buddy had several separation issues that compared and even reminded me, of many personal events that took place in my very own life, most were issues that are affecting many people today. Separation was showed in mainly negative issues with changes, people don’t enjoy going through and can bring the feeling of life is over, but it also was to remind us life is only what we make of if it, if we let it get us down, it will.The story never told if Buddy had overcome all of his separation issues, but as the story ended there were lots of hints that Buddy was on his way to writing a much better chapter of his life, then again who knows what life has in store. Works Cited â€Å"Separation. † The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 15 Feb. 2013 http://www. thefreedictionary. com/separation Miller, Jim Wayne. â€Å"The Taste of Ironwater. † Home a nd Beyond: An Anthology of Kentucky Short Stories. Ed. Morris Allen Grubbs. Lexington: UP of KY, 2001. 154-161. Print.

Data Analysis And Interpretation Example

Data Analysis And Interpretation Example Data Analysis And Interpretation – Coursework Example Current financial crisis around United s Affiliation Current financial crisis around United s There are various factors that have led to the current financial crisis of United States and have caused a severe recession in the entire economy. The problems includeFall of the rate of profit: In the recent decades the rate of profit of the entire economy has been declining significantly. In accordance to the Marxist theory, there is reduced business investing and economic growth leading to unemployment, higher inflation and lower real wage.Attempt to restore the rate of profit: The capitalists are trying to restore the profit rate to its earlier and higher levels by increasing the general prices of commodities causing a reduction of real wages and retirement pension benefits as companies strive to maintain their budgeted cost and profit. Workers have been forced to work harder and faster on jobs and others been laid off to increase the profit and rate of profit. It is devastating because the economic growth is achieved at the expense of the workers (Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (US), 2011).Failure to examine the credit worthiness of borrowers: With the new mortgages securitization system, the appraisal of credit risks and worthiness of the mortgage customers is ignored because the mortgage –based securities are complicated. The system consists of thousands of the mortgages making examination of credit risks tedious task. However, the assessment is done on bond rating, which is not efficient as it is mainly intended to make more money on processing fees.The burst of the housing bubbleThe general housing prices stopped increasing and instead it has been declining. This has reduced the value of the securities linked to real estate pricing. Therefore, the house owners are unable to service their mortgage rates. As a result, mortgages have increased sharply due to delinquencies and defaults (Calverley, 2009).Search for the new borrowers: In an attempt to re store the rate of profit, capitalists are spending their much income on luxury consumption in order to find low-wage areas of other continents to invest instead of expanding businesses in their own countries. This has contributed to the financial speculative bubble as employment continues downsizing in their countries.Bankruptcy: Most companies are declaring bankruptcy in accordance to bankruptcy provision in chapter 11 that allow them to remain operating and renegotiate their obligations. As result, workers get exploited especially when these companies cut down their wages and other benefits (Robinson, 2012).There are many ways of serving the greater good that can be used to support the non-profit organization. First and foremost, one may decide to seek fiscal sponsorship instead of starting a non-profit organization of your own. This will help in applying for grants and receive donations prior registration as a tax free organization (Landskroner, 2002).If there is a non-profit org anization with similar interest as yours, volunteer can join the group to work together. This will help gain experience, learn and have real ideas on how to manage your organization in the future. A person may also decide to form or a charitable group to help needy. Charity can be a great away to support non-profit organization in the country.Opting to set up a donor-advised fund may be another alternative since one will be able to make grants to charitable causes of your choice. The small young foundations without difficulties can be formed by setting up these donor –advised funds. After attaining the social goals, one can become a social entrepreneur by starting a non-profit social venture with an objective to contribute your profits to charity.ReferencesCalverley, J. (2009). When bubbles burst surviving the financial fallout. London: Nicholas Brealey Pub.Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (US). (2011). The financial crisis inquiry report: final report of the National Comm ission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. Washington, DC: Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission.Landskroner, R. (2002). The non-profit managers resource directory. New York: Wiley.Robinson, J. (2012). Bankruptcy of our nation: your financial survival guide. Green Forest, AR: New Leaf Press.

The Battle of Quiberon Bay During the Seven Years War

The Battle of Quiberon Bay During the Seven Years' War The Battle of Quiberon Bay was fought November 20, 1759, during the Seven Years War (1756-1763). Fleets and Commanders Britain Admiral Sir Edward Hawke23 ships of the line5 frigates France Marshal Comte de Conflans21 ships of the line6 frigates Background In 1759, French military fortunes were waning as the British and their allies were gaining the upper hand in many theaters. Seeking a dramatic reversal of fortunes, the Duc de Choiseul began planning for an invasion of Britain. Preparations soon commenced and invasion craft was gathered for a thrust across the Channel. The French plans were badly damaged during the summer when a British attack on Le Havre wrecked many of these barges in July and Admiral Edward Boscawen defeated the French Mediterranean fleet at Lagos in August. Reassessing the situation, Choiseul decided to push forward with an expedition to Scotland. As such, transports were assembled in the protected waters of the Gulf of Morbihan while an invasion army formed near Vannes and Auray. To escort the invasion force to Britain, the Comte de Conflans was to bring his fleet south from Brest to Quiberon Bay. This done, the combined force would move north against the enemy. Complicating this plan was the fact that Admiral Sir Edward Hawkes Western Squadron was holding Brest under close blockade. In early November, a large westerly gale struck the area and Hawke was forced to run north to Torbay. While the bulk of the squadron rode out the weather, he left Captain Robert Duff with five small ships of the line (50 guns each) and nine frigates to watch the invasion fleet at Morbihan. Taking advantage of the gale and shift in the wind, Conflans was able to slip out of Brest with twenty-one ships of the line on November 14. Sighting the Enemy That same day, Hawke departed Torbay to return to his blockade station off Brest. Sailing south, he learned two days later that Conflans had put to sea and was heading south. Moving to pursue, Hawkes squadron of twenty-three ships of the line used superior seamanship to close the gap despite contrary winds and worsening weather. Early on November 20, as he neared Quiberon Bay, Conflans spotted Duffs squadron. Badly outnumbered, Duff split his ships with one group moving north and the other moving south. Seeking an easy victory, Conflans ordered his van and center to pursue the enemy while his rearguard held back to observe strange sails approaching from the west. Sailing hard, the first of Hawkes ships to spot the enemy was Captain Richard Howes HMS Magnanime (70). Around 9:45 AM, Hawke signaled for a general chase and fired three guns. Devised by Admiral George Anson, this modification called for the seven leading ships to form line ahead as they chased. Pressing hard despite increasing gale winds, Hawkes squadron quickly closed with the French. This was aided by Conflans pausing to deploy his entire fleet in line ahead. A Bold Attack With the British approaching, Conflans steered for the safety of Quiberon Bay. Littered with a myriad of rocks and shoals, he did not believe Hawke would pursue him into its waters especially in heavy weather. Rounding Le Cardinaux, rocks at the entrance to the bay, at 2:30 PM, Conflans believed he had reached safety. Shortly after his flagship, Soleil Royal (80), passed the rocks, he heard the leading British ships opening fire on his rearguard. Charging in, Hawke, aboard HMS Royal George (100), had no intention of breaking off the pursuit and decided to let the French ships serve as his pilots in the bays dangerous waters. With the British captains seeking to engage his ships, Conflans tacked his fleet up the bay hoping to reach the Morbihan. With the British ships seeking individual actions, a dramatic shift the wind occurred around 3:00 PM. This saw the gale begin blowing from the northwest and made the Morbihan unreachable for the French. Forced to change his plan, Conflans sought to exit the bay with his unengaged ships and make for open water before nightfall. Passing Le Cardinaux at 3:55 PM, Hawke was pleased to see the French reverse course and moving in his direction. He immediately directed Royal Georges sailing master to put the ship alongside Conflans flagship. As he did so, other British ships were fighting their own battles. This saw the flagship of the French rearguard, Formidable (80), captured and HMS Torbay (74) cause Thà ©sà ©e (74) to founder. The Victory Wearing towards Dumet Island, Conflans group came under direct attack from Hawke. Engaging Superbe (70), Royal George sank the French ship with two broadsides. Shortly after this, Hawke saw an opportunity to rake Soleil Royal but was thwarted by Intrà ©pide (74). As the fighting raged, the French flagship collided with two of its comrades. With daylight fading, Conflans found that he had been forced south towards Le Croisic and was leeward of the large Four Shoal. Unable to escape before nightfall, he directed his remaining ships to anchor. Around 5:00 PM Hawke issued similar orders however part of the fleet failed to receive the message and continued pursuing French ships northeast towards the River Vilaine. Though six French ships safely entered the river, a seventh, Inflexible (64), grounded at its mouth. During the night, HMS Resolution (74) was lost on the Four Shoal, while nine French ships successfully escaped the bay and made for Rochefort. One of these, the battle-damaged Juste (70), was lost on the rocks near St. Nazaire. When the sun rose on November 21, Conflans found that Soleil Royal and Hà ©ros (74) were anchored near the British fleet. Quickly cutting their lines, they attempted to make for the harbor of Le Croisic and were pursued by the British. Proceeding in heavy weather, both French ships grounded on the Four Shoal as did HMS Essex (64). The next day, when the weather had improved, Conflans ordered Soleil Royal burned while British sailors crossed to and set Hà ©ros afire. Aftermath A stunning and daring victory, the Battle of Quiberon Bay saw the French lose seven ships of the line and Conflans fleet shattered as an effective fighting force. The defeat ended French hopes of mounting any type of invasion in 1759. In exchange, Hawke lost two ships of the line on the shoals of Quiberon Bay. Lauded for his aggressive tactics, Hawke shifted his blockading efforts south to the bay and the Biscay ports. Having broken the back of French naval strength, the Royal Navy was increasingly free to operate against French colonies worldwide. The Battle of Quiberon Bay marked the final victory of Britains Annus Mirabilis of 1759. This year of victories saw British and allied forces have success at Fort Duquesne, Guadeloupe, Minden, Lagos, as well as Major General James Wolfes victory at the Battle of Quebec. Sources History of War: Battle of Quiberon BayRoyal Navy: Battle of Quiberon Bay